不太可能是「无法检查」
在本院,出现 「无法检查」 的可能性极低。
由于胎儿产生的cell-free (cfDNA) 比率 (Fetal Fraction:FF) 过低而无法进行检查的情况一般为1~8%,而在本医院重新检查时, 超过85%的情况下可以检查成功。※1
在充分确认检查中技术问题的基础上进行重新抽血,进而排除样本质量的可能性,并重新进行精密检查。随着怀孕周数的增加,预测FF也会随之增加。
因此,在本院无法进行检查的情况大多是来自检体的生物学原因,极为罕见。
「无法检查」 的原因是FF偏低
到目前为止,大多数无法检查的原因是FF在重新检查时也低于标准值。
此外,即便因FF值过低而无法取得首次检查的结果,仍有50%~60%的女性认为通过再次抽血和复查可以成功。※2,3
做为参考,本院的数据显示,间隔4周左右再抽血的情况下, 超过85%的检查是顺利的。
FF值低会在什么情况下发生?
说到如何初步计算FF,
「FF=胎儿cfDNA/ (胎儿cfDNA+母体cfDNA)」
从这个公式可以看出是与母体cfDNA的量和胎儿cfDNA两者相关的函数。
据说怀孕10周~20周之间, FF平均为10~15%。※4
这就意味着,出于某种原因
- 母体血液中的胎儿cfDNA较少
- 母体血液中的母体cfDNA较多
FF值偏低的原因及发生时的检查流程
这些原因是多方面的,但以下是迄今为止发现的主要原因。
(仅限在撰写本文时提供的学术观点。)
当检测到FF值较低时,检查机构实际上也会遵循此流程。
排除技术问题的可能性
首先,排除检查中可能出现的技术问题。
这能够从以下几个方面进行数字验证,例如,目标序列数据整体没有异常 (通常在单个检查中同时进行45到95个序列) ,或是对单个样本重新分析更详细的生物信息学数据以确保没有任何问题 (如果只是为了得到结果,则检查不需要的质量控制项目) 。
近年来,如果许多人遵循自动化检查过程,一旦技术出现问题,就会在质量控制过程中明确显示具体的数据。令人惊讶的是,技术问题在检查阶段被排除在外,所以很少发生。
通过样本质量排除可能性
其次,将排除来源于样本的原因中,运输和保存等,可能不是经得住检查的样本。
这就是让我们再次抽血的原因之一。通过重新抽血,胎儿的cfDNA增加的情况会在后面叙述,但同时在进行第1次检查时,会仔细确认在运输和保存等检体的质量上产生某种异常的可能性。
在多数情况下,直至目前为止用消除法将其排除在外,检查机关是可以担保的,不过关于接下来所说的 「样本来源的生物学上原因」 ,只能表明可能性,要找出原因实际上是无法做到的。
(很多时候,这都不是很有意义的探索。)
来自样本的生物学原因
- 怀孕周数不足 (周数越多FF越大)※5
- 顶臀长 (CRL) 数值较小 (数值越大FF越大)※6
- 嵌合体现象 (FF减少)※7
- 胎儿有非整倍性 (对FF的影响有所不同)※8,9,10,11
- 三倍体 (FF减少)※12
- 多胞胎妊娠 (总FF增加,但每个胎儿的FF减少)※13,14
(以下是来自母体的生物学原因)
- 母体BMI增高 (越高FF就越少)※8,5,15
- 母亲自体免疫性疾病 (疾病活性越高, FF越低)※16,17,18
- 服用低分子量肝素药物 (FF有可能降低)※19,20,21,22
- 血清中怀孕相关的血浆蛋白PaPP-A (FF增加)※6,23
- 血清游离β-HCG (FF升高)※6,24
- 种族差异 (对FF的影响各不相同)※6,14,25
- 辅助生殖技术ART受孕 (FF减少)※24
- 生产次数 (FF减少)※14, 25
- 产妇年龄 (FF减少)※14, 25
遗憾的是,如上所述,将这种生物学原因加以限制几乎是不可能的。
对所有可能性进行专业验证需要花费大量的时间和金钱,而这并不现实,即使找到了原因,在许多情况下NIPT检查对于受试者来说是不合适的。
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