Cases of forced paternity testing.

A compulsory paternity test can only be carried out if a law or court order is involved.In Japan, the consent of the parties involved (parents and children) is generally required to carry out a paternity test. However, in certain legal situations, a court may order a paternity test. In such cases, a paternity test may be enforced in the following circumstances

1. Family court orders

In legal disputes concerning the parent-child relationship, for example in recognition proceedings Orin disputes over custody, the court may order a paternity test to confirm the parent-child relationship. In such cases, a paternity test will be conducted on the basis of the court’s order.

Recognition actions: in unmarried couples where the father does not recognize the child when it is born, the mother can bring an action before the court to seek recognition from the father. In this case, the court may order a DNA test and it is difficult for the father to refuse the test.
Custody disputes: if a dispute over custody of a child arises after a divorce or separation, it may be necessary to verify the parent-child relationship. In this case, a paternity test may be ordered.

2. Confirmation of the parent-child relationship in inheritance matters

In inheritance disputes, a paternity test may be required to establish whether a person is entitled to inherit an estate.A court may order a paternity test if it is necessary to establish a parent-child relationship in order to ascertain whether the person legally entitled to inherit the estate is a child.

Inheritance disputes: parent-child relationships can become a point of contention in inheritance disputes. For example, if a child is adopted or illegitimate, the other heirs may deny the parent-child relationship. In such cases, a paternity test may be ordered.

3. The refusal of DNA testing and its consequences

If the court orders a paternity test, the person concerned can refuse the test, but there may be an adverse legal presumption against them if they refuse.

Adverse presumption: if a person refuses to give an appraisal, the court may view that refusal as a ‘ground on which a parent-child relationship cannot be denied’.In other words, by refusing an appraisal, the court may find it more likely that the person is in fact a parent.

4. The difference between voluntary and voluntary appraisals

A normal paternity test is a ‘voluntary test’ carried out with the consent of all parties involved. This is often carried out for private purposes (e.g. to confirm the parent-child relationship) and has no legal effect. However, if it is done for legal purposes, the appraisal may be compelled by court order, which carries legal force.

5. The compulsory nature of paternity testing in the Japanese legal system

In Japan, there are not many cases where a compulsory paternity test is carried out from constitutional and privacy protection perspectives.However, in cases involving legal disputes or important issues relating to the parent-child relationship, a court may order a paternity test, and not complying with the test may put you at a legal disadvantage, so the test may in effect be ‘compulsory’.

summary

In Japan, paternity testing is basically only compulsory when there is a court order.In particular, an appraisal may be necessary to confirm the parent-child relationship in legal disputes, such as recognition proceedings or inheritance issues.Although it is possible to refuse an appraisal, a refusal may result in a legally unfavourable decision, which may in effect force you to undergo an appraisal.