Genes play a major role in our constitution and health. In particular, genetic factors related to allergic reactions are becoming increasingly clear through recent research. This article provides a detailed scientific explanation of the relationship between genes and the mechanism behind the development of allergies.
What is an allergic reaction?
Allergies are caused by the immune system overreacting to certain substances (allergens). When harmless substances such as pollen, food, and dust mites enter the body, the immune system recognizes them as enemies and triggers an inflammatory response. It is known that genetic factors are deeply involved in differences in this immune response.
The relationship between IgE antibodies and allergies
The key to allergic reactions is an antibody called “immunoglobulin E (IgE).” IgE plays a role in triggering reactions to allergens, and if it is produced in excess in the body, allergic symptoms are more likely to occur. Research has shown that people who genetically produce a high amount of IgE tend to be more susceptible to developing allergies.
Major genes associated with allergies
IL-4R gene
The IL-4R (interleukin-4 receptor) gene plays a role in regulating the function of immune cells. Mutations in this gene promote the production of IgE, increasing the risk of allergic diseases.
FCER1A gene
The FCER1A gene, which encodes the IgE receptor, influences the intensity of allergic reactions, and specific variants of this gene have been reported to be associated with the development of asthma and atopic dermatitis.
FLG gene
Mutations in the filaggrin (FLG) gene, which is involved in skin barrier function, are known to increase the risk of developing atopic dermatitis. When the skin’s barrier function is weakened, allergens can more easily enter the body, making it more likely for an inflammatory response to occur.
Allergy prevention and treatment using genetic information
Advances in genetic analysis technology have made it possible to predict an individual’s risk of allergies based on their genetic information. This is expected to lead to the following personalized medicine:
Risk assessment and preventative measures
Genetic testing can help determine in advance whether a child is at high risk of allergies, allowing them to make adjustments to their environment and diet.
Targeted Therapy
Genetic information can help select more effective anti-allergy medications. In particular, biological drugs (biopharmaceuticals) are attracting attention as a treatment tailored to specific genetic factors.
Personalized optimization of immunotherapy
Allergy treatments such as sublingual immunotherapy may also be more effective if genetic information is utilized.
Latest research on genes and allergies
Recent research has been conducted using large-scale genome-wide association studies (GWAS), and new genes related to allergies are being discovered one after another. For example, a study by Tohoku University identified multiple gene polymorphisms associated with allergic diseases in Japanese people (reference link). Furthermore, research by the RIKEN Institute suggests that the transcription factor “Mina” is involved in determining allergic predisposition (reference link).
Advances in genetic research like this have led to a more detailed understanding of the mechanisms behind allergy development, increasing the possibility that prevention and treatment at the genetic level may become possible in the future.
Deeper investigation into the relationship between genes and allergies
It is now known that not just a single gene, but multiple genes are involved in the development of allergies. Because each gene has a different role but exerts a comprehensive influence, more detailed research is needed. Here, we will provide more detailed information about genes that have been linked to specific allergies.
Genes associated with asthma
Asthma is an allergic disease caused by chronic inflammation of the airways, and genes that regulate immune responses play an important role in the development of asthma.
ORMDL3 gene
The ORMDL3 gene is known to be involved in immune cell activation and increase the risk of asthma, and mutations in this gene may increase the risk of airway inflammation.
GSDMB gene
The GSDMB (gasdermin B) gene is involved in the function of airway epithelial cells, and it has been reported that expression of this gene is altered in asthma patients. Abnormalities in GSDMB may predispose to airway hyperresponsiveness and increase the frequency of asthma attacks.
Genes associated with hay fever
Hay fever is caused by an overreaction of the immune system to pollen from trees such as cedar and cypress. The following genes are thought to be involved in the development of this disease:
HLA-DQ gene
The HLA-DQ gene plays an important role in the immune system’s recognition of foreign substances. People with certain HLA-DQ gene variants are more likely to have an exaggerated immune response to pollen and develop more severe symptoms.
TGF-β1 gene
The TGF-β1 (transforming growth factor β1) gene encodes a protein that regulates the immune system and is involved in suppressing allergic reactions. Mutations in this gene lead to an imbalance in the immune response, increasing the risk of hay fever.
Genes associated with food allergies
Food allergies occur when the immune system reacts abnormally to proteins in certain foods, and research suggests that genetic factors may play a role.
STAT6 gene
The STAT6 (signal transducer and activator of immune response 6) gene is an important factor in regulating the immune system and is known to be involved in the development of food allergies. Mutations in this gene increase the production of IgE antibodies, making allergic symptoms more likely to occur.
CD14 gene
The CD14 gene regulates immune system responses, and low levels of CD14 expression are thought to increase the risk of developing food allergies.
The development of allergic diseases is influenced not only by genetic factors but also by environmental factors. It is becoming clear that the interaction between genes and the environment can increase the likelihood of developing allergies.
Differences in allergy incidence rates between urban and rural areas
It has been reported that the incidence of allergic diseases is high in urban areas due to air pollution and changes in lifestyles, while in rural areas, people have more contact with soil, plants and animals, which helps maintain a balanced immune system and tends to have a lower incidence of allergies.
Childhood environment and allergy risk
Exposure to a diverse range of microorganisms during childhood is thought to promote proper immune system development and reduce the risk of allergic diseases. For example, studies have shown that children who grow up in rural areas have lower rates of asthma and atopic dermatitis.
Latest research trends and the potential of gene therapy
Currently, research into gene therapy for allergic diseases is underway, with attempts being made to modify allergy-related genes using the gene editing technology CRISPR-Cas9.
CRISPR-Cas9 gene therapy
CRISPR-Cas9 technology may enable us to correct genetic mutations that cause allergic diseases and provide a fundamental treatment. For example, targeting the gene that suppresses the production of IgE antibodies may alleviate allergic symptoms.
Combination with microbiome therapy
In recent years, attention has been focused on the influence of intestinal bacteria (microbiome) on the immune system. Probiotics and prebiotics, which balance intestinal bacteria, are being researched to prevent the onset of allergic diseases. Combining these with gene therapy may lead to more effective allergy countermeasures.
Future challenges and prospects
Although the relationship between allergies and genes has not yet been fully elucidated, it is hoped that future research will lead to the establishment of more accurate diagnostic and treatment methods. The widespread adoption of personalized medicine that utilizes genetic information will make it easier to manage allergic diseases, allowing many people to live more comfortable lives.
*The content of this article provides information based on the latest research, but is not intended for individual diagnosis or treatment. For detailed advice regarding allergic diseases, please consult a specialist.
Allergy risk assessment using genetic testing
Advances in genetic analysis technology have made it possible to identify an individual’s allergy risk in advance. By utilizing genetic testing, we can assess the risk of future allergic diseases and take preventative measures.
How genetic testing works
Genetic testing involves taking a saliva or blood sample and analyzing specific gene mutations. By examining the genetic regions associated with allergies, it is possible to predict which types of allergies a person is likely to develop.
What the test reveals
Risk of developing allergies
We check for mutations in major allergy-related genes (IL-4R, FCER1A, FLG, etc.) to assess the risk of developing the disease.
Identifying allergens to which you are susceptible
We will find out which allergens you are most likely to react to, such as pollen, dust mites, and foods (nuts, shrimp, dairy products, etc.).
Evaluation of treatment suitability
We can identify genetic mutations that affect the effectiveness of allergy medications (antihistamines, immunotherapy, etc.) and select appropriate treatments.
Benefits and challenges of genetic testing
Merit
Early prevention is possible because the risk of developing the disease can be identified in advance
Helps you choose the treatment that’s right for you
Helps prevent food and drug allergies
Assignment
Since not only genes but also environmental factors influence the condition, a definitive diagnosis cannot be made based on test results alone.
Many tests are not covered by insurance and can be expensive
Interpretation of test results requires specialized knowledge
New treatments for allergic diseases
In addition to conventional allergy treatments, new treatments utilizing genetic information have been developed in recent years.
Molecular targeted therapy using biopharmaceuticals
Biopharmaceuticals are therapeutic drugs that target specific molecules and are expected to be more effective than conventional anti-allergy drugs.
Dupilumab
This biopharmaceutical targets IL-4Rα and is used to treat atopic dermatitis and asthma.
Omalizumab
By inhibiting IgE antibodies, it relieves the symptoms of severe asthma and chronic urticaria.
RNA interference (RNAi) therapy
Research is being conducted into treatments that use RNA interference technology to suppress the expression of allergy-related genes, thereby suppressing symptoms at their root.
IgE gene suppression
Research is underway to target genes that regulate IgE production and suppress allergic reactions.
Cytokine inhibitor therapy
RNA interference therapy targeting cytokines (IL-4, IL-13, etc.) that induce excessive immune responses is attracting attention。
Combining environmental factors to combat allergies
Not only genes but also environmental factors play a major role in the development of allergies. Changing your lifestyle habits, such as the following, can help reduce your risk of developing allergies.
Nutrition and intestinal environment improvement
The gut microbiome has a significant impact on the immune system, and a balanced diet and adequate probiotic intake may help prevent allergies.
Intake of fermented foods
Actively incorporate fermented foods such as yogurt, natto, and kimchi into your diet.
Dietary fiber intake
The dietary fiber contained in vegetables and fruits regulates the intestinal environment and suppresses excessive immune responses.
Appropriate Environmental Management
Environmental management to reduce exposure to allergens is also important.
Using an air purifier
Use a high-performance air purifier to reduce indoor pollen and dust mite allergens.
Regular cleaning and ventilation
Vacuum carpets and bedding frequently to reduce dust mites.
Stress management
Stress affects the immune system, so be sure to get some moderate exercise and relaxation.
Possibilities for future allergy treatment and prevention
The field of allergy treatment is undergoing major changes thanks to advances in genetic research. In the future, new treatments may become possible, including:
Fundamental treatment using gene editing technology
Using CRISPR-Cas9 technology, allergy-related genes are corrected to provide a fundamental cure.
Personalized medicine with AI
Using AI technology, we analyze individuals’ genetic information and lifestyle habits to propose optimal prevention and treatment methods.
Development of vaccine therapy
Vaccines for hay fever and food allergies have been developed, allowing us to take preventative measures like vaccinations.
Utilizing genetic information will be an important key not only for assessing the risk of developing allergies, but also for providing optimal treatment tailored to each individual patient. It is expected that further research will deepen our understanding of allergic diseases and lead to the development of new treatments.
The forefront of allergy prevention using genetic information
In recent years, allergy countermeasures utilizing genetic information have evolved, and research into personalized medicine and preventative measures has accelerated. This chapter provides a detailed explanation of the cutting edge of allergy treatments that are currently being put into practical use.
1. Advances in allergy diagnosis using genetic analysis
Traditionally, skin prick tests and blood tests (IgE antibody measurement) have been the mainstream methods for diagnosing allergies, but in recent years, more accurate diagnostic techniques using genetic analysis have been developed.
(1) Risk prediction using genome-wide association studies (GWAS)
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) are a method for analyzing large-scale genetic data to identify genetic polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with specific diseases, making it possible to predict an individual’s genetic risk of allergies in greater detail.
Notable findings include:
A study at Tohoku University identified SNPs associated with allergic tendencies in Japanese people , and showed that people with specific gene mutations have a higher risk of developing asthma and hay fever. (Reference link)
Research by the RIKEN Institute has identified eight genetic regions related to atopic dermatitis , which are attracting attention as potential therapeutic targets. (Reference link)
(2) Individual diagnosis using genetic markers
Recent research has led to the development of a system that analyzes a patient’s genetic profile and displays the probability of developing an allergy as a percentage, allowing those at high risk to take early action.
2. New gene-based allergy treatments
(1) Gene editing therapy using CRISPR-Cas9 technology
Gene editing using CRISPR-Cas9 technology is expected to be a fundamental treatment for allergic diseases. This technology may be able to specifically modify genes involved in allergies and prevent the onset of allergies.
Examples of treatments currently being studied include:
A treatment is currently under development that targets the gene that suppresses the excessive production of IgE antibodies and fundamentally suppresses allergic reactions.
Gene editing therapeutic approaches are being attempted to suppress the expression of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-4 and IL-13.
(2) Allergy treatment using epigenetics
Epigenetics refers to the mechanisms that control gene expression, rather than changes in DNA sequence. Recent studies have shown that there are differences in DNA methylation status between people with and without allergies.
Attempts towards practical application:
Research is underway to control the expression of allergy-related genes and suppress symptoms by adjusting certain dietary and environmental factors.
Epigenetic modification approaches are being explored to enhance the efficacy of immunotherapy.
3. Allergy prevention measures using genetic information
(1) Immune training from early childhood
It is known that the childhood environment influences the risk of developing allergies. In particular, a theory known as the “hygiene hypothesis” suggests that an overly clean environment may hinder the proper development of the immune system.
Examples of preventive measures:
Children’s immunity is strengthened by coming into contact with a variety of microorganisms from infancy (living with pets, playing in natural environments, etc.).
Attempts to reduce the risk of developing food allergies by having infants consume small amounts of allergens such as peanuts and eggs (such as the LEAP study)。
(2) The relationship between intestinal bacteria and allergies
It has been reported that the balance of intestinal bacteria influences the onset of allergic diseases. In particular, people with a high number of beneficial bacteria (bifidobacteria and lactobacillus) in their intestines tend to have reduced allergic symptoms.
Increase your intake of prebiotics (dietary fiber, oligosaccharides) to maintain the diversity of intestinal bacteria.
4. Genetic information and future allergy research
Genetic research into allergies is currently progressing at an accelerating pace, with the following new research areas attracting attention:
Improving the accuracy of genetic analysis using AI
Using AI technology, individual genetic information can be analyzed in more detail, improving the accuracy of allergy risk predictions.
Development of allergy vaccines
New vaccine technologies are being developed to induce immune tolerance to specific allergens.
Integrating genomic data with personalized healthcare
An effort to integrate genetic testing data with personal medical records to develop more effective treatment plans.
The use of genetic information has led to major advances in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of allergic diseases. With the development of personalized medicine, the day may not be far off when “allergy countermeasures optimized for each individual” will become a reality. By incorporating evidence-based approaches based on the latest research, we can build a healthier future.
5. Realizing personalized medicine using genetic information
Advances in genetic research are driving a shift toward “personalized medicine” in allergy treatment. Instead of the conventional one-size-fits-all approach, efforts are underway to provide optimal treatment based on genetic information.
(1) Customized treatment using genetic testing
Genetic analysis can be used to predict a patient’s type of allergy and their reaction to medications in advance, allowing for the selection of the most effective treatment.
Example:
Selection of antihistamines: Because the rate at which drugs are metabolized varies depending on genetic polymorphisms, it is possible to identify in advance which drugs are more effective and which are less effective.
Indications for immunotherapy: Research is underway to use genetic information to determine whether immunotherapy will be effective and to select appropriate patients.
(2) Predictive models using AI and big data
Using data analysis using AI (artificial intelligence), technology is being developed that integrates genetic information, environmental factors, lifestyle habits, etc. to accurately predict the risk of developing allergies.
Expected applications:
Early diagnosis: Genetic screening is performed immediately after birth to assess future allergy risk.
Individualized preventive measures: Based on genetic information, we provide lifestyle and dietary advice tailored to each individual.
Advances in gene editing technology may make it possible to treat allergies at their roots, but many challenges remain before it can be put into practical use.
(1) Technical Issues
Accuracy of gene editing: Although CRISPR-Cas9 technology has advanced, it cannot completely prevent off-target effects (unintended gene mutations).
Long-term effects: Further research is needed into the long-term effects of genetic modification on the human body.
(2) Ethical Issues
Ethics of gene editing: Ethical debate is needed as to whether editing genes to treat allergies is acceptable.
Equity in healthcare: Advanced gene therapies can be expensive, raising the issue of ensuring equal access for everyone.。
7. Genetic information and the outlook for allergy research
Allergy research has made great strides with advances in genetic analysis technology. It is expected that more precise diagnostic and treatment methods will be developed in the future, leading to the standardization of personalized medicine.
In the future, medical care will likely be based on genetic information, making it possible to prevent allergies before they even begin to appear, and to provide treatment tailored to each individual’s genetic characteristics after they have developed. The era in which genetic information can be utilized to achieve healthier lives is fast approaching.
Summary
By utilizing genetic information, it is possible to predict the risk of developing allergic diseases, realize personalized medicine, and even develop fundamental treatments. Advances in genome analysis and AI technology are enabling more precise diagnosis and treatment. However, safety and ethical issues regarding gene editing technology remain. It is hoped that future research and technological innovation will reduce the burden on people suffering from allergies and help them live more comfortable lives.
